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Home » October 2009 Tuesday, 27 October 2009Diego Maradona

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Early years
Diego Armando Maradona was born in Lans, but raised in Villa Fiorito, a shantytown on the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires, to a poor family that had moved from Corrientes Province. He was the first son after three daughters. He has two younger brothers, Hugo (el Turco) and Eduardo (Lalo), both of whom were also professional football players.
At age 10, Maradona was spotted by a talent scout while he was playing in his neighborhood club Estrella Roja. He became a staple of Los Cebollitas (The Little Onions), the junior team of Buenos Aires’s Argentinos Juniors. As a 12-year-old ball boy, he amused spectators by showing his wizardry with the ball during the halftime intermissions of first division games.
Club career
Maradona playing for Boca Juniors during 198 , small swimming pools .
On 20 October 1976, Maradona made his professional debut with Argentinos Juniors, ten days before his sixteenth birthday. He played there between 1976 and 1981, before his 1m transfer to Boca Juniors. Joining the squad midway through the 1981 season, Maradona played through 1982, and secured his first league winners’ medal. Whilst playing for Argentinos Juniors, English club Sheffield United put in a bid of 180,000 for his services but the bid was rejected , childrens swimwear .
After the 1982 World Cup, in June, Maradona was transferred to Barcelona in Spain for a then world record 5m. In 1983, under coach Csar Luis Menotti, Barcelona and Maradona won the Copa del Rey (Spain’s annual national cup competition), beating Real Madrid, and the Spanish Super Cup, beating Athletic de Bilbao. However, Maradona had a difficult tenure in Barcelona. First a bout with hepatitis, then a broken leg caused by an ill-timed tackle by Athletic Bilbao’s Andoni Goikoetxea jeopardized his career, but Maradona’s physical strength and willpower made it possible for him to soon be back on the pitch. At Barcelona Maradona got into frequent disputes with the team’s directors, especially club president Josep Llus Nez, and in 1984, he demanded a transfer out of Camp Nou. He was transferred to SSC Napoli in Italy’s Serie A for another record fee, 6.9m.
At Napoli, Maradona reached the peak of his professional career. He quickly became an adored star among the club’s fans, and in his time there he elevated the team to the most successful era in its history. Led by Maradona, Napoli won their only Serie A Italian Championships in 1986/87 and 1989/1990, placing second in the league twice, in 1987/88 and 1988/89. Other honors during the Maradona era at Napoli included the Coppa Italia in 1987, (second place in the Coppa Italia in 1989), the UEFA Cup in 1989 and the Italian Supercup in 1990. Maradona was the top scorer in Serie A in 1987/88.
However, during his time in Italy, Maradona’s personal problems increased. His cocaine use continued, and he received US $70,000 in fines from his club for missing games and practices, ostensibly because of ‘stress’. He faced a scandal there regarding an illegitimate son; and he was also the object of some suspicion over an alleged friendship with the Camorra.
After serving a 15-month ban for failing a drug test for cocaine, Maradona left Napoli in disgrace in 1992. By the time he joined his next team, Sevilla (1992-93), he had not played professional football for two years, and he would never again reach his previous heights. In 1993 he played for Newell’s Old Boys and in 1995 he returned to Boca Juniors for 2 years.
International career
Maradona made his full international debut for Argentina aged 16 in a game against Hungary on 27 February 1977
Along with his time at Napoli, international football is where Maradona found his fame. Playing for the Albicelestes of the Argentina national football team, he participated in four consecutive FIFA World Cup tournaments, leading Argentina to victory in 1986 and to second place in 1990.
He made his full international debut at age 16, against Hungary on 27 February 1977. At age 18, he played the World Youth Championship for Argentina, and was the star of the tournament, shining in their 31 final win over the Soviet Union. On 2 June 1979, Maradona scored his first senior international goal in a 31 win against Scotland at Hampden Park.
1982 World Cup
Maradona played his first World Cup tournament in 1982. In the first round, Argentina, the defending champions, lost to Belgium. Although the team convincingly beat Hungary and El Salvador to progress to the second round, they were defeated in the second round by Brazil and by eventual winners Italy. Maradona played in all five matches without being substituted, scoring twice against Hungary, but was sent off with 5 minutes remaining in the game against Brazil for serious foul play.
1986 World Cup
Maradona captained the Argentine national team to victory in the 1986 FIFA World Cup, winning the final in Mexico against West Germany. Throughout the 1986 World Cup, Maradona asserted his dominance and was the most dynamic player of the tournament. He played every minute of every Argentina game, scored 5 goals and made 5 assists. However, it was the two goals he scored in a 21 quarter-final win against England which cemented his legend.
This particular match was played in the background of the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (of which England forms part) and emotions still were lingering in the air throughout the entire match. Replays showed that the first goal was scored by striking the ball with his hand. Maradona was coyly evasive, describing it as "a little with the head of Maradona and a little with the hand of God." It became known as the "Hand of God," or "la mano de Dios." Ultimately, on 22 August 2005 Maradona later acknowledged on his television show that he had hit the ball with his hand purposely, and that he immediately knew the goal was illegitimate. However, the goal stood, much to the wrath of the England players.
Maradona’s second goal was to be later voted by FIFA as the greatest goal in the history of the World Cup. He picked up the ball in his own half and with 11 touches swiveled around and ran more than half the length of the field, dribbling past five English players: (Glenn Hoddle, Peter Reid, Kenny Sansom, Terry Butcher, and Terry Fenwick) and goalkeeper Peter Shilton. This goal was voted the Goal of the Century in a 2002 online poll conducted by FIFA.
Maradona followed this with two more goals in the semi-final against Belgium, including another virtuoso dribbling display for the second goal. In the final, the opposing West German side attempted to contain him by double-marking, but he nevertheless found the space to give the final pass to Jorge Burruchaga for the winning goal. Argentina beat West Germany 32 in front of 115,000 spectators at the Azteca Stadium and Maradona lifted the World Cup trophy, ensuring that he would be remembered as one of the greatest names in football history. In a tribute to him, the Azteca Stadium authorities built a statue of him scoring the "goal of the century" and placed it at the entrance of the stadium.
1990 World Cup
Maradona and the Youth World Cup trophy in 1979
Maradona captained Argentina again in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. An ankle injury affected his overall performance, and he was much less dominant than four years earlier. Argentina were almost eliminated in the first round, only qualifying in third position from their group. In the round of 16 match against Brazil, Claudio Caniggia scored the only goal after being set up by Maradona.
In the quarter final, Argentina faced Yugoslavia, the match ending 00 after 120 minutes, and Argentina advancing on penalty kicks, despite Maradona missing one of the penalties in the shootout with a weak shot at the centre of the goal. The semifinal against the host nation Italy was also resolved on penalties after a 11 draw; this time, Maradona was successful with his effort, daringly placing the ball at the exact same spot as his missed penalty in the previous round. In the final, Argentina lost 10 to West Germany, the only goal being a penalty by Andreas Brehme in the 85th minute after a controversial foul on Rudi Vller.
1994 World Cup
At the 1994 FIFA World Cup Maradona played in only two games, scoring one goal against Greece, before being sent home after failing a drug test for ephedrine doping. In his autobiography, Maradona argued that the test result was due to his personal trainer giving him the power drink Rip Fuel. His claim was that the U.S. version, unlike the Argentine one, contained the chemical and that, having run out of his Argentinian dosage, his trainer unwittingly bought the U.S. formula. FIFA subsequently expelled him from USA ’94 and Argentina were subsequently eliminated in the second round. Maradona has also separately claimed that he had an agreement with FIFA, on which the organization reneged, to allow him to use the drug for weight loss before the competition in order to be able to play. According to Maradona, this was so that the World Cup would not lose prestige because of his absence. This allegation has never been proven.
Playing style
Maradona playing for Argentinos Juniors in 1980
See also: Argentine Football Creole Style
Maradona had a compact physique and could withstand physical pressure well. His strong legs and low center of gravity gave him an advantage in short sprints. His physical strengths were illustrated by his two goals against Belgium in the 1986 World Cup. Maradona was a strategist and a team player, as well as highly technical with the ball. He could manage himself effectively in limited spaces, and would…

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Funeral of Pope John Paul II

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Rite of papal death
Centuries of sacred rituals are set in motion upon the death of a pope. Such rituals are administered by the Cardinal Camerlengo.
When Pope John Paul II died, the Camerlengo Eduardo Cardinal Martnez Somalo removed the Pope’s Ring of the Fisherman from his finger, then ceremonially crushed it with the ceremonial silver hammer in the presence of members of the College of Cardinals. This was done to prevent the creation of forged, backdated documents, which would appear to have been approved by John Paul II.
After the ring’s destruction, Cardinal Martnez Somalo cordoned off and placed wax seals on the entrances to the Pope’s private bedroom and study. This tradition originates from ruthless cardinals looting the papal chambers upon the death of past popes.
The Pope’s formal death certificate was signed by Dr. Renato Buzzonetti, Director of the Department of Health and Sanitation of Vatican City, on the evening of his death. Cardinal Martnez Somalo then ceremonially ordered the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, to summon the cardinals of the world to Vatican City to elect a new pope , garden tote bag .
It is customary for the Camerlengo to call out the pope’s Christian name three times, to ensure he has truly died , designer shoulder bag .
While his predecessors had been embalmed after death, the Vatican claimed that Pope John Paul II was not embalmed and lay in state without normal treatment for preservation, which is evident by the grey colour taken on by the body. Also, it was customary for popes to have their organs removed after death. Pope Saint Pius X ended this practice during his reign, and the wish of some Poles that John Paul II’s heart be buried in Poland was not obliged.
Vestments
Pope John Paul II’s body was clothed in the familiar white soutane, over which was placed a plain white alb. A stole, the symbol of ordained ministry, was placed around his neck. Over the inner vestments, Pope John Paul II was clothed in a red chasuble. An ancient Byzantine custom, red is the colour of mourning for Popes. Around his collar, the pallium of white lamb’s wool was draped. A white zucchetto and a white bishop’s mitre adorned Pope John Paul II’s head. In his arm rested Paul VI’s famous pastoral cross-staff, used by popes in place of the crosier. His hands clasped a rosary.
At first, he lay in state in his favourite pair of Polish-made brown leather shoes, an American size ten and a half, which he wore on his travels throughout the world. Later, following the example of his immediate predecessors, these were changed to plain red leather papal shoes.
Mass of Repose
A first Mass of Repose, offered to anyone baptized in the Catholic Church, was led by Angelo Cardinal Sodano on April 3, 2005. That Sunday service coincided with the celebration of the Feast of Divine Mercy, a memorial feast instituted by Pope John Paul II.
The Mass of Repose, commemorating the sending of the soul to God, was followed by the recitation of the Regina Coeli.
Rite of Visitation
Pope John Paul II’s body is laid in the Apostolic Palace for private visitation by Vatican officials and foreign dignitaries. Among the Americans in the photograph are George W. Bush, Laura Bush, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice, and Andrew Card.
The body of Pope John Paul II was dressed in his vestments and moved to the Clementine Hall on the third level considered the second floor of the Apostolic Palace on April 3. His body was laid on a sloped olive-sheeted bed and propped on a stack of three gold pillows. Near the bed was a wooden crucifix and a paschal candle symbolic of Jesus Christ as the light of the world in the face of darkness and death. His body was guarded by the Swiss Guard, a corps of men which has sworn to protect the pope through several centuries. During a period of private visitation Vatican officials and a contingent of officials from the Italian government viewed the body of Pope John Paul II.
On April 4, the body of Pope John Paul II was moved onto a red velvet bier, propped on three red pillows. The Papal Gentlemen, regaled in black morning coats and white gloves, were chosen as pallbearers and stood along the sides of the pope’s bier. Cardinal Martnez Somalo, dressed in red and gold vestments, officiated the asperges rite. He blessed the pope with the holy waters of baptism three times: to the right of the pope, at his head and then to his left. An acolyte then brought to the Camerlengo a thurible and boat. Cardinal Martnez Somalo incensed the pope three times.
By April 6, a million people had seen Pope John Paul II’s remains lying in state in St. Peter’s Basilica. An estimated total of four million people, in addition to the over three million residents of Rome, were expected to make the pilgrimage to see the pope.
A long procession was begun in order to transfer the body of Pope John Paul II from the Clementine Hall, through the colonnades of the Apostolic Palace and into St. Peter’s Square among the waiting people. Traditionally, the pope’s body is then brought to either St. Peter’s Basilica or the papal cathedral, St. John Lateran Basilica. A procession of monks, priests and bishops paced slowly along a route towards St. Peter’s Basilica. The College of Cardinals trailed by Cardinal Ratzinger and Cardinal Martnez Somalo followed them.
As the ritual dating back to the medieval era proceeded, Gregorian chants were sung by several religious orders with the people responding to each verse with the ancient Greek prayer, "Lord, have mercy" or "Kyrie eleison." The Litany of the Saints was sung. After each name of a martyr or saint was chanted, invoking his or her intercession between God and the people, participants in the procession sang the Latin words, "Ora pro eo," meaning "Pray for him." This is a departure from the traditional, "Pray for us" or "Ora pro nobis."
When the body of the pope was hoisted upon the steps of St. Peter’s Basilica, the Papal Gentlemen turned the bier and lifted the pope’s head to face the tens of thousands of people that filled St. Peter’s Square. Cardinal Martnez Somalo noted it as the pope’s symbolic last look at the devoted followers that had filled St. Peter’s Square throughout the papacy of John Paul II.
The procession ended with the seating of the College of Cardinals and the placement of the bier carrying the body of John Paul on a catafalque in front of the steps leading to the altar of St. Peter’s Basilica. The paschal candle was lit and the body of the Pope was incensed again by Cardinal Martnez Somalo. Prayers were said and a reading from the Gospels was performed by a deacon. After the College of Cardinals paid their respects and left the sanctuary, the basilica was closed and then reopened for the official lying in state to last until the day of the Mass of Requiem and subsequent interment.
Requiem Mass
Dignitaries from around the world pray during the funeral; as seen: Albert II & Queen Paola of Belgium, Prince Henrik of Denmark, President Jacques Chirac of France and Ms. Bernadette Chirac, President Jorge Sampaio of Portugal, President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush of the United States, President Arnold Rtel of Estonia, and President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI led the Mass of Requiem on April 8 at 10:00 a.m. CEST (08:00 UTC), by virtue of his office as Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was also one of Pope John Paul II’s closest friends and carried out most of the Pope’s duties during his final illness. Concelebrating in the Mass of Requiem were the College of Cardinals (the number of members that were present has been variously given as 157 and 164) and the patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.
As the pope must be buried between the fourth and sixth day after his death, Friday was chosen as the last possible date. The Mass at St. Peter’s Basilica was the first Mass of Requiem for a pope to be televised live in almost every nation in the world.
The event had an estimated viewership of over 2 billion people; the Catholic Church claims only 1.1 billion among its members. The funeral of John Paul II was by far the largest funeral in the history of the world. In lieu of a public viewing at the Basilica of St. John Lateran, as was tradition, immense digital screens instead broadcast the Mass of Requiem and subsequent Rite of Interment to those in the pope’s cathedral church outside the confines of Vatican City. The same digital screens were hoisted at several sites in Rome, including the Circus Maximus, and at specially designated campsites outside the city for the millions of pilgrims who descended on the city.
The funeral was perhaps the most-watched live event in the history of television. Because people in the United States understood that the service took place during the early morning hours on their side of the Atlantic, many awoke to view the funeral, and others taped it for a historical record. In addition, several television networks in the Americas rebroadcast the funeral later in the day.
Processional
Archbishop Piero Marini, the master of ceremonies for papal liturgical celebrations, venerates the casket of John Paul
As the Mass of Requiem began, the doors of St. Peter’s Basilica were locked with dignitaries asked to stand outside the church. Only the College of Cardinals and the patriarchs and presiding metropolitans of the Eastern Catholic Churches were allowed inside for a private ceremony in which John Paul was placed in a cypress coffin, the first of three. Before being laid in the coffin, Archbishop Stanisaw Dziwisz had the…

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posted by: himfrlei at 06:22 | link | comments |
Wallet

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History
The word "wallet" has been in use since the first century A.D. to refer to a bag or a knapsack for carrying articles. The word may derive from Proto-Germanic. The ancient Greek word kibisis, used to describe the sack carried by the god Hermes and the sack in which the mythical hero Perseus carried the decapitated head of the monster Medusa, has been typically translated as "wallet". Usage of the term "wallet" in its modern meaning of "flat case for carrying paper currency" in American English dates to 1834 but this meaning was one of many in the 19th century and early 20th century.
Aleutian Wallet for carrying tackle.
In Ancient Greece
The classicist, A.Y. Campbell, set out to answer the question, "What, in ancient literature, are the uses of a wallet?" He deduced, as a Theocritean scholar, that "the wallet was the poor man’s portable larder; or, poverty apart, it was a thing that you stocked with provisions." He found that sometimes a man may be eating out of it directly but the most characteristic references allude to its being "replenished as a store", not in the manner of a lunch basket but more as a survival pack.
In the Renaissance
As metals became increasingly used as currencies, it seems that wallets took shape to include these coins, and in some cases, statements of accounts.
In recounting the life of the Elizabethan merchant, John Frampton, Lawrence C. Wroth describes the merchant as, "a young English-man of twenty-five years, decently dressed, …, wearing a sword, and carrying fixed to his belt something he called a ‘bowgett’ (or budget), that is, a leathern pouch or wallet in which he carried his cash, his book of accounts, and small articles of daily necessity".
In the 19th Century
In addition to money or currency, a wallet would also be used for carrying dried meat, victuals, "treasures", and "things not to be exposed". It was considered "semi-civilized" in 19th century America to carry one’s wallet on one’s belt. Ironically, at this time, carrying goods or a wallet in one’s pocket was considered uncivilized and uncommon.
In Spain, a wallet was a case for smoking paraphernalia: "Every man would carry a small sheaf of white paper in addition to a small leather wallet which would contain a flint and steel along with a small quantity of so-called yesca, being a dried vegetable fibre which a spark would instantly ignite."
In Modern Times
The modern bi-fold wallet with multiple "card slots" became standardized in the early 1950s with the introduction of the first credit cards. Some innovations include the introduction of the velcro-closure wallet in the 1970s.
Varieties
A breast or passage wallet
Wallets are usually designed to hold banknotes and credit cards and fit into a pocket (or handbag). Small cases for securing banknotes which do not have space for credit cards or identification cards may be classified as money clips , cheap evening bags .
Breast wallet (also called a "secretary wallet" or "passage wallet"): a wallet in which the banknotes are not folded. They are intended for men’s breast pocket in a jacket, or for a handbag. They are too large for storage in a pant (trouser) pocket , canvas shoulder bags .
Bi-fold wallet: a type of wallet in which the banknotes are folded over once. This has become the "standard" wallet. Credit cards and identification cards may be stored horizontally or vertically.
Tri-fold wallet: a wallet with three folds, in which credit cards are generally stored vertically.
Front pocket wallet (or money clip): a case with no currency compartment and very few pockets for cards. Usually banknotes are folded and held to the wallet with a metal clip.
A chain wallet is a wallet secured to the pants by a chain. It was first popularized by bikers who wanted to keep from losing their wallet while riding a motorcycle. Its popularity had a resurgence in the early 1990′s with the grunge fashion movement.
Some wallets, particularly in Europe (where larger denominated coins are more prevalent) contain a coin purse compartment. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. As European banknotes (pounds, euros) are larger than American banknotes in one dimension, they don’t fit in some smaller American wallets.
Features
A standard wallet consisting of a single fold or Bi-fold
A wallet generally has one or more currency pockets; in some cases, there may also be a money clip. Wallets usually have one or more pockets for storing credit card or identification cards, which may be oriented vertically or horizontally.
Wallets may also have an identification pocket, which facilitates the display of a regularly-used piece of identification such as workplace ID or a bus pass, by housing it within a transparent "window". A wallet may also have photo pockets, which are designed to hold a collection of small personal photographs. A wallet may also have a small pouch for coins or keys.
Some wallets, called chain wallets are attached to metal chains which are then clipped onto a belt, as a way of preventing loss or theft by pickpockets. Some travellers replace wallets with money belts, which are belts with a hidden money compartment.
Other types of small bags can also serve as wallets, such as this golf tee bag which is used to hold credit cards and money
Designers
Most major designers including Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Armani offer seasonal and perennial wallet collections of black and brown leather wallets. In the UK, wallets are made by Mulberry, Radley, Paul Smith, Ted Baker, Burberry, Alfred Dunhill of London, and Aspinal of London. In the US, designers include Guess, Perry Ellis, Coach, Hansengross, Kenneth Cole and Fossil.
Major retailers (such as the UK’s John Lewis Partnership or Neiman Marcus in USA) usually sell a wide selection of men’s wallets, including branded and house-name wallets. Specialist designers include Ben & Dafna, who create wallets made from duct tape in Camden Market; J Fold, that offer a large range of colourful leather wallets; Stewart-Stand, a New York design house that designs wallets made from woven stainless steel; db clay who designs graphically-based wallets out of Portland, OR; MAKR who makes hand-sewn leather wallets out of Orlando, FL; and Braithwaite Wallets which seeks to design wallets in a way more in line with the term’s original meaning.
See also
Money clip
CD Wallet
Digital wallet
References
^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary entry for "wallet"". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wallet. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
^ "CTCWeb Glossary: K". http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryk.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
^ "Appolodorus Library and Epitome (ed. Sir James George Frazer)". http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+2.4.2. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
^ Campbell, A.Y., 1931; The Boy, the Grapes, and the Foxes; The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1931), pp. 91
^ Wroth, Lawrence C., 1954, An Elizabethan Merchant and Man of Letters, The Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Aug., 1954), pp. 301-302
^ Mason, Otis T., 1838-1908, The Beginnings of the Carrying Industry, American Anthropologist, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan., 1889), pp. 21-46
^ Cushing, Caroline Elizabeth Wilde, 1802-1832, Letter from Caroline Elizabeth Wilde Cushing, 1830, in Letters, Descriptive of Public Monuments, Scenery, and Manners in France and Spain, vol. 2. Newburyport, MA: E.W. Allen & Co., 1832, pp. 169-178.
^ Passage wallet as different term for breast wallet
Categories: Containers | Fashion accessories

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Monday, 26 October 2009Jay Pritzker Pavilion

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Design and development
Columbus Dr.
McDonald’s
Cycle Center
BP Bridg , buy electrical wire .
Exelon Pavilion N , cup plates .
Exelon Pavilion SE
Harris Theater
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
and Great Lawn
Lurie Garden
Exelon Pavilion NW
Exelon Pavilion SW
R
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Nichols Bridgeway
M
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Chase Promenade
North
Chase Promenade
Central
Chase Promenade
South
Boeing Gallery North
AT&T Plaza
Cloud Gate
Boeing Gallery South
Wrigley
Square
McCormick
Tribune Plaza
& Ice Rink
Crown
Fountain
Michigan Ave.
Map of Millennium Park
In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Frank Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a band shell as well as a pedestrian bridge, that became BP Pedestrian Bridge, crossing Columbus Drive and that it was seeking donors to cover his work. At the time, the Chicago Tribune dubbed Gehry "the hottest architect in the universe" in reference to the acclaim for his Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, and they noted the designs would not include Mayor Daley trademarks such as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes. Millennium Park, project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture," and he noted that no other architect was being sought. Gehry was approached several times by Skidmore architect Adrian Smith on behalf of the city. Gehry was originally approached about doing just a facade, but was uninterested. A few months later the city asked him to get involved in Millennium Park, and he felt he would prefeer to design a building, but that he could not complete it in time for the Millennium and that he would need a much larger budget than the city had envisioned. The choice of Gehry was a key component of having modern themes in the park. After it became clear that Cindy Pritzker would fund the project, Gehry accepted.
U.S. Equities Realty was responsible for negotiating contracts with Gehry and all contractors who performed construction, civil engineering, audio engineering and landscaping. In April 1999, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry’s Bandshell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million. The city sought Gehry, the donors supported Gehry and Gehry was interested in the project. The day of this announcement, Gehry agreed to the design request. In November,yanrikun, when his design was unveiled, Gehry said the Bridge was very preliminary and not well-conceived because funding for it was not committed.
Walsh construction was hired to execute three elements of Gehry’s design: the structural steel supporting the stainless steel ribbons, the ribbons themselves and the trellis. Walsh subcontracted the work. They hired Zahner for the ribbons, the LeJeune Steel Company of Mineapolis for the structural steel, Acme Structural of Springfield, Missouri for the trellis and the Telaske Group of Oak Park, Illinois for the structure’s sound system. The construction commenced with the pouring of concrete walls to support the pavilion’s roof to cover the 100 feet (30 m) wide and 50 feet (15 m) tall column-free orchestra shell space. The effort included a dozen north-south trusses supported by east-west truss girders. The structural steel for the ribbons had an abnormally low fit tolerance of 0.125 inches (3.2 mm) rather than the standard 1 to 2 inches (25 to 51 mm). The construction was aided by the French CATIA software program and internet conferencing. In the end, budget limitations and architectural aspirations caused compromises that left many elements in their most straightforward form with things such as exposed pipes and conduits or rough concrete.
stage view (background: Millennium Park,
Historic Michigan Boulevard District)
rear lawn view (background: One and Two Prudential Plaza, Aon Center)
The proscenium’s stainless steel ribbons are comprised of 697 panels that range from 6 to 300 square feet (0.5627.9 m2) and 1,600 to 20,000 pounds (7309,100 kg) with a thickness of about 14 inches (36 cm). They are aluminum with a stainless steel outer layer that has a uniform shade across all panels. The proscenium was inspired by Gehry’s 2001 Issey Miyake flagship store in New York City which has titanium sculpturing that represents pleating similar to that for which the designer is known. During construction, about five cranes and 18 aerial lifts were on-site. The apex of the center element is approximately 150 feet (46 m) high, which was near the limits of basic construction equipment at the time. The glass doors of the proscenium are about 50 feet (15 m) wide and 100 feet (30 m) tall and are functionally like aircraft hangar doors clad in glass. They were the larges doors that Glass Solutions of Elmhurst, Illinois ever produced. The thickness of the glass was a design problem for the steel supports.
The trellis resulted from an explanation by the acousticians that the distributed sound system required speakers every 70 feet (21 m). This suggestion resulted in a comparison of placing speakers on pipes or columns and the forest of columns seemed discordant with the classy architecture. Gehry prefered the trellis although it cost about $3 million more than speakers arranged on posts. The trellis uses 22 criss-crossing arches in a lattice pattern. The arches use pipes varying in diameter from 1220 inches (3051 cm) depending upon the load requirements. Arches longer than 300 feet (91 m) have four or five different radiuses, where radius describes theextent of pipe curvature. The arch pipes connect to the structural steel of the pavilion structure without linkking to the metal ribbons.
Grant Park has been protected by 172 years of "forever open, clear and free" legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings. Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones. As a result, the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park. However, Crown Fountain and the 139-foot (42 m) Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restriction because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures. Some say the Pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward who is said to continue to rule and protect Grant Park from his grave.
Pavilion from the north
The pavilion includes 4,000 fixed seats and a 95,000-square-foot (8,800 m2) Great Lawn that can accommodate an additional 7,000 people. Early plans to incorporate a surrounding waterfall and stairway were abandoned. It features a 120-foot (37 m) proscenium theatre with a brushed stainless steel headdress. The main stage, which can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members, is connected by this frame to a trellis of interlocking crisscrossing steel pipes that support the sound system. The innovative sound system distributes sound to mimic indoor concert hall acoustics. The trellis is 600 feet by 300 feet (183 m 91 m). It is located above and behind the Harris Theater and this has the benefit that the park’s indoor and outdoor performance venues are able to share a loading dock, rehearsal rooms and other backstage facilities. The project cost 60 million dollars, and is named after Jay Pritzker, a prominent Chicago businessman from the Pritzker family, who own the Hyatt Hotels. The family contributed $15 million to the construction.
The Pavilion from the Willis Tower (before Legacy Tower)
This pavilion follows a series of open-air projects by Guggenheim Museum Bilbao designer, Frank Gehry, such as the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, the Concord Performing Arts Center in Concord, California, and numerous renovations to the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, California. It is also a part of a larger inner city redevelopment that includes a theater, extensive gardens and a Gehry-designed serpentine pedestrian footbridge that buffers against street noise. The redevelopment was part of an effort to overcome unsightly railroad tracks and parking lots. Much like his Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington, it suggests musical qualities. The trellis design was an effort to avoid the traditional obstructing forest of speaker towers.
The pavilion band shell is designed to reflect sound for optimal acoustics.
The original design was much more modest. It had a smaller shell structure and speakers affixed to poles interspersed throughout the seating area. However, two things happened to change the original plans. John H. Bryan, former CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation, raised revenues to change the scope of the project. Also, Jay Pritzker’s widow, Cindy, was unimpressed with the design and demanded that Gehry be involved. Despite the redesign, the pavilion has its blemishes: the supporting backside along Randolph Street is controversial, and the fact that the supporting proscenium braces are left exposed is offensive to some observers. Other people contest that the smooth rounded trellis and sharp-edged band shell are geometrically discordant.
The Millennium Park director has been honored for his contribution to making America more accessible. The stage is accessible by gently-sloped ramps instead…

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Stainless steel

Pre-painted Hot Dip Galvanized Steel coils/ sheets/ strips ,
History
An announcement, as it appeared in the 1915 New York Times, of the development of stainless steel.
A few corrosion-resistant iron artifacts survive from antiquity. A famous (and very large) example is the Iron Pillar of Delhi, erected by order of Kumara Gupta I around the year AD 400. Unlike stainless steel, however, these artifacts owe their durability not to chromium, but to their high phosphorus content, which, together with favorable local weather conditions, promotes the formation of a solid protective passivation layer of iron oxides and phosphates, rather than the non-protective, cracked rust layer that develops on most ironwork.
The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys was first recognized in 1821 by the French metallurgist Pierre Berthier, who noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century, however, were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical.
In the late 1890s, Hans Goldschmidt of Germany developed an aluminothermic (thermite) process for producing carbon-free chromium. In the years 19041911 several researchers, particularly Leon Guillet of France, prepared alloys that would today be considered stainless steel , headphone wire .
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built the 366-ton sailing yacht Germania featuring a chrome-nickel steel hull in Germany in 1908. In 1911, Philip Monnartz reported on the relationship between the chromium content and corrosion resistance. On October 17, 1912, Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patented austenitic stainless steel , chain and rope .
Similar developments were taking place contemporaneously in the United States, where Christian Dantsizen and Frederick Becket were industrializing ferritic stainless steel.
In 1912, Elwood Haynes applied for a U.S. patent on a martensitic stainless steel alloy. This patent was not granted until 1919. Also in 1912, Harry Brearley of the Brown-Firth research laboratory in Sheffield, England, while seeking an erosion-resistant alloy for gun barrels, discovered and subsequently industrialized a martensitic stainless steel alloy. The discovery was announced two years later in a January 1915 newspaper article in The New York Times. Brearly applied for a U.S. patent during 1915. This was later marketed under the "Staybrite" brand by Firth Vickers in England and was used for the new entrance canopy for the Savoy Hotel in 1929 in London.
Properties
High oxidation-resistance in air at ambient temperature are normally achieved with additions of a minimum of 13% (by weight) chromium, and up to 26% is used for harsh environments. The chromium forms a passivation layer of chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous. It is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath. Also, this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, such as aluminium and titanium. Corrosion resistance can however be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel-bolts buried in timber.
When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, the oxide layer can be scraped off causing the parts to weld together. When disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, an effect that is known as galling. This destructive galling can be best avoided by the use of dissimilar materials, e.g. bronze to stainless steel, or even different types of stainless steels (martensitic against austenitic, etc.), when metal-to-metal wear is a concern. In addition, Nitronic alloys (trademark of Armco, Inc.) reduce the tendency to gall through selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen.
Applications
The pinnacle of New York’s Chrysler Building is clad with type 302 stainless steel.
An art deco sculpture on the Niagara-Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York
Pipes and fittings made of stainless steel
Stainless steel resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, relatively low cost, and familiar luster make it an ideal base material for a host of commercial applications. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are most common. The alloy is milled into coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire, and tubing to be used in cookware, cutlery, hardware, surgical instruments, major appliances, industrial equipment, and as an automotive and aerospace structural alloy and construction material in large buildings. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are often made of stainless steel, due to its corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties. This also influences its use in commercial kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam cleaned, sterilized, and does not need painting or application of other surface finishes.
Stainless steel is also used for jewellery and watches. The most common stainless steel alloy used for this is 316L. It can be re-finished by any jeweller and will not oxidize or turn black.
Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative to blued or parkerized steel. A few, more expensive revolvers (like the Smith and Wesson Model 60) and pistols (like versions of the Colt M1911) are milled entirely from stainless steel. This gives a high-luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating; but, unlike plating,iceland istanbul japan las vegas, the finish is not subject to flaking, peeling, wear-off due to rubbing (as when repeatedly removed from a holster over the course of time), or rust when scratched.
Uses in sculpture, building facades and building structures
Stainless steel was in vogue during the art deco period. The most famous example of this is the upper portion of the Chrysler Building (illustrated to the right). Diners and fast food restaurants feature large ornamental panels, stainless fixtures and furniture. Owing to the durability of the material, many of these buildings retain their original appearance.
The forging of stainless steel has given rise to a fresh approach to architectural blacksmithing in recent years.
The Gateway Arch (picture above) is clad entirely in stainless steel: 886 tons (804 metric tonnes) of 0.25 in (6.4 mm) plate, #3 finish, type 304 stainless steel.
Type 316 stainless is used on the exterior of both the Petronas Twin Towers and the Jin Mao Building, two of the world’s tallest skyscrapers.
The Parliament House of Australia in Canberra has a stainless steel flagpole weighing over 220 tons.
The aeration building in the Edmonton Composting Facility, the size of 14 hockey rinks, is the largest stainless steel building in North America.
The United States Air Force Memorial has an austenitic stainless steel structural skin.
Recycling & reuse
Stainless steel is 100% recyclable. In fact, an average stainless steel object is composed of about 60% recycled material of which 40% originates from end-of-life products and 60% comes from manufacturing processes.
Types of stainless steel
There are different types of stainless steels: when nickel is added, for instance, the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This crystal structure makes such steels non-magnetic and less brittle at low temperatures. For greater hardness and strength, more carbon is added. When subjected to adequate heat treatment, these steels are used as razor blades, cutlery, tools, etc.
Significant quantities of manganese have been used in many stainless steel compositions. Manganese preserves an austenitic structure in the steel as does nickel, but at a lower cost.
Stainless steels are also classified by their crystalline structure:
Austenitic, or 300 series, stainless steels comprise over 70% of total stainless steel production. They contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, a minimum of 16% chromium and sufficient nickel and/or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures from the cryogenic region to the melting point of the alloy. A typical composition of 18% chromium and 10% nickel, commonly known as 18/10 stainless, is often used in flatware. Similarly, 18/0 and 18/8 are also available. Superaustenitic stainless steels, such as alloy AL-6XN and 254SMO, exhibit great resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion due to high molybdenum content (>6%) and nitrogen additions, and the higher nickel content ensures better resistance to stress-corrosion cracking versus the 300 series. The higher alloy content of superaustenitic steels makes them more expensive. Other steels can offer similar performance at lower cost and are preferred in certain applications.[citation needed]
The low carbon version of the Austenitic Stainless Steel, for example 316L or 304L, are used to avoid corrosion problem caused by welding. The "L" means that the carbon content of the Stainless Steel is below 0.03%, this will reduce the sensitization effect, precipitation of Chromium Carbides at grain boundaries, due to the high temperature produced by welding operation.
Ferritic stainless steels are highly corrosion-resistant, but less durable than austenitic grades. They contain between 10.5% and 27% chromium and very little nickel, if any, but some types can contain lead. Most compositions include molybdenum; some, aluminium or titanium. Common ferritic grades include 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, and 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni. These alloys can be degraded by the presence of chromium, an intermetallic…

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Surgical stainless steel

Inert Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Balls , rgical stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel, used in medical applications.
The chromium gives the metal its scratch-resistance and corrosion resistance. The nickel provides a smooth and polished finish. The molybdenum gives greater hardness, and helps maintaining a cutting edge.
Although there are myriad variations in the recipes, there are two main varieties of stainless steel; martensitic and austenitic, see the stainless steel article.
The word ‘surgical’ refers to the fact that these types of steel are well-suited for making surgical instruments: they are easy to clean and sterilize, strong and corrosion-resistant. The nickel/chrome/molybdenum alloys are also used for orthopaedic implants as aids in bone repair, as a structural part of artificial heart valves, and other implants. Immune system reaction to nickel is a potential complication. In some cases today titanium is used instead in procedures that require a metal implant which will be permanent. Titanium is a reactive metal, the surface of which quickly oxidizes on exposure to air, creating a microstructured stable oxide surface. This provides a surface into which bone can grow and adhere in orthopaedic implants but which is incorrodible after implant. Thus steel may be used for temporary implants and the more expensive titanium for permanent ones.[citation needed , wood switch plates .
Most surgical equipment is made out of martensitic steelt is much harder than austenitic steel, and easier to keep sharp. Depending on the type of equipment, the alloy recipe is varied slightly to get more sharpness, or strength , medium carbon steel .
Implants and equipment that are put under pressure (bone fixation screws, prostheses, body piercing jewelry), are made out of austenitic steel, often 316L and 316LVM, because it is less brittle.
316 surgical steel is used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination. It is also used in the manufacture of body piercing jewellery and body modification implants.
Categories: SteelsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from September 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007

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posted by: himfrlei at 02:59 | link | comments |
A36 steel

Piezo Ceramic (Pzt) And Piezoelectric Transducer For Ultrasonic Wave Touch Screen ,
Properties
As with most steels, A36 has a density of 0.28 lb/in (7.8 g/cm). A36 steel in plates, bars, and shapes with a thickness of less than 8 in (200 mm) has a minimum yield strength of 36,000 psi (250 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength of 58,00080,000 psi (400550 MPa). Plates thicker than 8 in have a 32,000 psi (220 MPa) yield strength and the same ultimate tensile strength.
A36 is a standard carbon steel, without advanced alloying.
Usage
Fabricated forms
A36 is produced in a wide variety of forms,Offers hand painted recreations of Old Masters, including:
Plat , bamboo salad bowl .
Structural Shape , cheese knives set .
Pipe
Bar
Sheet
For more information, see Structural steel.
Methods of joining
A36 is readily welded by nearly all welding processes. The most commonly used for A36 are the cheapest and easiest – shielded metal arc welding, (SMAW, or stick welding), gas metal arc welding (MIG welding), and oxyacetylene welding.
A36 steel is also commonly bolted and riveted in structural applications.
See also
Structural steel
References
^ a b Steel Construction Manual, 8th Edition, second revised edition, American Institute of Steel Construction, 1986, ch. 1 page 1-5
Categories: Steels

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posted by: himfrlei at 02:59 | link | comments |
Plate girder bridge

inflatable fish bowl , ate Girder Bridge
Deck type
Ancestor:
Beam bridge
Related:
Trestle, truss bridge, moon bridge
Descendant:
Leaf bascule, Tubular bridge
Carries:
Pedestrians, automobiles, trucks, light rail, heavy rail
Span range:
Shor , glass candy dish .
Material , china dishware .
Iron, steel
Movable:
No
Design effort:
low
Falsework required:
No
A plate girder bridge is a bridge supported by two or more plate girders. The plate girders are typically I-beams made up from separate structural steel plates (rather than rolled as a single cross-section), which are welded (or occasionally bolted or riveted) together to form the vertical web and horizontal flanges of the beam. In some cases, the plate girders may be formed in a Z-shape rather than I-shape.
Plate girder bridges are suitable for short to medium spans and may support railroads, highways or other traffic.
Deck-type plate girder bridge
In the deck-type bridge, a steel or reinforced concrete bridge deck is supported on top of two or more plate girders, and may act compositely with them. Additional beams may span across between the main girders, for example in the form of bridge known as ladder-deck construction. Also, further elements may be attached to provide cross-bracing and prevent the girders from buckling.
Half-through plate girder bridge
In the half-through bridge, the bridge deck is supported between two plate girders, often on top of the bottom flange. The overall bridge then has a ‘U’-shape in cross-section. As cross-bracing cannot normally be added, vertical stiffeners on the girders are normally used to prevent buckling (technically described as ‘U-frame behaviour’). This form of bridge is most often used on railroads as the construction depth (distance between the underside of the vehicle, and the underside of the bridge) is much less. This allows obstacles to be cleared with less change in height.
Plate girder bridge: half-through type.
See also
Beam bridge – the ancestor of the plate girder bridge
Box girder bridge – an evolution of the plate girder bridge
Trestle – some modern steel trestles are composed of a number of girder bridge segments.
Pin and hanger assembly
Categories: Bridges | Plate girder bridges

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Friday, 23 October 2009Road Trip

Fragrant PE Nappy Bags ,
Cast
Actor
Role
Breckin Meyer
Josh Parke , pets bag .
Seann William Scot , vacuum travel bags .
E.L.
Amy Smart
Beth Wagner
Paulo Costanzo
Rubin Carver
DJ Qualls
Kyle Edwards
Tom Green
Barry Manilow
Rachel Blanchard
Tiffany Henderson
Anthony Rapp
Jacob
Fred Ward
Earl Edwards
Andy Dick
Motel Clerk
Ethan Suplee
Ed
Horatio Sanz
French Toast Guy
Rhoda Griffis
Tour Group Mom
Edmund Lyndeck
Jack Manilow, Barry’s Grandpa
Ellen Albertini Dow
Mrs. Manilow, Barry’s Grandma
Jessica Cauffiel
Wrong Tiffany
Plot summary
The plot summary in this article is too long or detailed compared to the rest of the content. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (July 2007)
The film begins at the fictional University of Ithaca (based on Ithaca College) with Barry (Green) giving a tour around the campus to a crowd of uninterested individuals.
Eventually, after one of the tour members questions whether anything interesting happens at the university, Barry begins his story. He tells them of his friend, Josh Parker (Meyer), a university student who had been continuously faithful to his long-distance love Tiffany (Blanchard), who was studying at the fictional University of Austin (based on the University of Texas at Austin) which happened to be eighteen hundred miles away.
Setup
The story fades into a nightmare Josh is having about Tiffany cheating on him with a fellow student. Right after Tiffany and her new boyfriend begin kissing, Josh wakes up abruptly and calls Tiffany, leaving a message for her and then filming a videotaped message to her. While filming this, Josh’s friends Rubin (Costanzo) and Barry enter and we learn Rubin has a pet snake named Mitch, which can only be fed once a week – a process which fascinates Barry. At this point, Josh realizes he is late for class and, rushing out, he asks Rubin to mail the videotape to Tiffany.
While running to class, Josh runs into Beth, a student who has a crush on him. After this, Beth is accosted by Jacob, a philosophy teaching assistant who has an unhealthy obsession with Beth. During a philosophy lecture, an upcoming test is announced, which promises to be extremely difficult.
After class, Jacob confronts Josh for "hitting" on Beth when the professor (Wendell B. Harris Jr.), informs Josh that he needs a B+ to pass the course. After this, Josh meets up with his friend, E.L. (Seann William Scott), who encourages him to cheat, at which point Josh reveals the possibility of losing his financial aid and being forced to leave college. E.L. encourages Josh to ignore the test, hook up with Beth that night, and enjoy his last week of college for that year. Josh argues that he does not want to cheat on Tiffany with Beth. An attempt by Josh to call Tiffany reveals that she has not been staying at her dorm, creating more concern in Josh’s mind.
E.L. throws a party that night, at which he has planned to auction off dates with various girls. Meanwhile, Barry is elsewhere, convincing two girls to experiment sexually with each other and him. Before her auction comes up, Beth asks Josh to outbid Jacob, who is also at the party. Josh wins the auction when E.L. ignores Jacob’s bids, and brings Beth back to his room. Beth learns about Tiffany, but Josh tells her they have broken up. Beth quickly begins to seduce Josh, and then sees Josh’s video camera, beginning to "interview" him about what he looks for in a girl. As the interview progresses, Beth begins stripping and kissing Josh. It is implied the next morning that the two had sex, which ended up being captured on Beth’s video. When his friends find out that the previous night’s events were videotaped, Josh is forced to show the video to them, but the greeting to Tiffany shows instead – revealing that it was the sex tape with Beth that got sent to Tiffany. Josh then finds out that the reason Tiffany wasn’t answering his calls was because her grandfather died.
The trip
Josh decides to travel to Austin to get the videotape before Tiffany returns home from her grandfather’s funeral in three days. E.L. says he will accompany Josh on the trip and the two go in search of Kyle, a nerd who lives in Josh’s dorm. After finding him, they pressure him into letting them borrow his car (a 1989 Ford Taurus). He is initially reluctant to let them do so, but Josh eventually convinces Kyle by inviting him along on the trip. Rubin also plans to come on the trip, but Barry decides to stay in Ithaca, having never in his life left the town. Rubin charges Barry with feeding his snake Mitch while he is gone.
During the first portion of the trip, E.L. tries to get Josh to describe the sex tape and the two discuss why Josh feels so guilty about having sex with Beth. They get into a lengthy discussion with Rubin about what constitutes cheating until Kyle jumps in with a random comment about lewd activity with one’s dog involving peanut butter, to which Rubin, Josh and E.L. all react with disgust. Meanwhile, Beth goes to look for Josh in his room after he leaves, to find only Barry is there. After being asked where Josh went, Barry tells her he went to "Austin, Massachusetts." Beth corrects him and is left believing Josh went to Boston.
The movie then cuts to a scene with Beth talking with an unnamed topless girl in a locker room. The two discuss how Josh lied to her about his relationship with Tiffany. In the middle of the scene, the movie cuts back to the tour group, still at the stadium. One of the girls on the tour objects to this part of the story, at which point Barry quickly begins describing more nude girls in the locker room, much to the pleasure of the males in the tour group. The scene cuts back to the locker room, which is now indeed packed with nude girls, while a fully-clothed Beth discusses males’ obsession with sex. In the ‘uncut’ DVD version of the movie during this conversation the camera slowly zooms in to the topless girls breasts in a humorous reference to their conversation. At the end of the conversation, one of the girls encourages Beth to find Tiffany and reveal that Josh cheated.
The movie cuts back to the four traveling students as they shop for supplies at Target. E.L. browbeats Kyle to let them use his credit card, which Kyle says his father gave him for "emergencies only". The four eventually come to what they believe is a shortcut that will save them five hours. However, they end up encountering a washed out bridge. Rubin persuades E.L. to jump the bridge in Kyle’s car but Kyle disagrees. They make it across, but the car’s wheels collapse, and the air bag explodes into E.L.’s face. They exit the car and Kyle says his father will kill him when he finds the car is totaled, as the four are walking. Josh says he doesn’t have time to walk but Rubin tells him not to worry that it’s only the wheels. Right at that moment, the car explodes, and the four turn around and look at it.
Without a car, Josh, E.L., Rubin and Kyle check into a motel for the night. The next morning Rubin goes into the hotel office, where he asks the clerk (Andy Dick) if he can purchase any marijuana. The clerk gives him a strange answer, then tells him Kyle’s credit card is "maxed out". The scene switches to Kyle’s parents finding out about the card the next morning. After a brief scene in which E.L. and Rubin discuss their financial problem and lack of a vehicle, the movie rejoins Kyle’s parents with a police officer, who informs them that Kyle’s car has been found in Bedford, Pennsylvania and that Kyle is missing from school.
E.L. goes to a school for the blind and tricks the blind office clerk (Mary Lynn Rajskub) to give him the keys to one of the school’s buses. Meanwhile, Kyle, Rubin and Josh are eating breakfast at a diner. After Kyle complains that the waiter (Horatio Sanz) has messed up his order, the waiter defiles Kyle’s food and redelivers it to him, who heartily eats it. At this point, E.L. arrives with the stolen bus and the trip continues through another travel montage. At one point Kyle asks E.L. if they can stop. E.L. jokingly denies the request, and then tells Kyle he needs to be more assertive and stand up for himself more. Kyle reveals his father’s strictness has played a key role in the way he acts.
Eventually, Josh calls Professor Anderson’s office. Jacob, the teaching assistant, answers the phone and, upon learning it is Josh, pretends to be the professor. Mimicking his deep voice, Jacob pretends to grant Josh an extension on his midterm, with no intention of informing anyone. Back at the collapsed bridge, a group of police officers are investigating the scene of the car explosion with Kyle’s parents.
Beth, meanwhile, arrives in Boston and tracks down who she believes is Tiffany. Beth then confesses she had sex with "Tiffany’s" boyfriend, to which "Tiffany" responds by vandalizing her boyfriend’s car and hitting him with a baseball bat. Embarrassed, Beth takes the bus home. As she sleeps barefoot, the man in the seat in back of her (played by director Todd Phillips) sucks her toes and then asks her if she would like a foot massage. Beth rejects his advances, making a scene.
The travelers arrive in Tennessee on Saturday night and find a fraternity house. Rubin says he knows the fraternity’s handshake and uses this to persuade the brothers to let them in, saying they are from the Ithaca chapter. However, the fraternity is made up entirely of African-American members; since the four guests are all white, they are painfully out of place and obviously not members of the fraternity…

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Dog crate

Tapestry Wallet With Coin Purse , dog crate is a metal, wire, plastic, or fabric enclosure with a door in which dogs are kept for security or transportation. For best results in using crates, crate training is recommended.
Types of dog crates
One variety of wire crate.
There are many types of crates, and variations within the types:
Solid plastic crates are usually more suitable than other types for secure travel, such as in an airplane. They might also be safer in a car accident than other types. Disadvantages are that they take up a lot of space and do not fold for storage.
Aluminium crates can be either fixed or folding. A few of their advantages are: light weight, very strong when constructed with appropriate bracing, will not rust, excellent airflow & vision for the dog, appealing looks compared to wire crates. Aluminium crates are suitable for use at veterinary hospitals, car travel, as a permanent "den" for your dog inside the home and in breeding kennel environments , leather gucci bags .
Wire crates usually can be folded for storage or transport, although it might be difficult to do and they are fairly heavy for their size. They provide more airflow for the dog and provide people with a clearer view inside and they range in size. Such crates are often used in car travel, at veterinary hospitals, and at kennels. There are a variety of covers and pads available to make crates safe and more comfortable , coach legacy handbags .
Wire crates are also popular at dog shows; they allow the dog to be clearly seen by spectators, and the sashes, rosettes and ribbons won can be hung on the crate for display.
Soft crates can always be easily folded for storage or transport and are lightweight. They provide the dog with a stronger sense of security but still allow visibility and airflow. They cannot be used with dogs who are likely to dig or chew at the crate, and they are unsuitable for transporting dogs in any type of vehicle.
Dog tents are a new alternative to soft crates. They offer many of the same advantages (and disadvantages) of soft crates but fold down to an even smaller size and are ultra lightweight so that they can be stuffed into tent bags and taken virtually anywhere. They make ideal enclosures for people who need to pack their soft crates into cramped vehicles or suitcases or for people who hike, camp or are involved in dog sports. Like soft crates, they are not suitable for puppies, dogs who are not housebroken, or for vehicle travel.
A variety of a soft crate.
External links
The Ultimate Guide To Dog Crates
Categories: Pets | Dog equipmentHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2009 | All articles lacking sources

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